Sexism and New York City - 1459 Words

The city serves as a home to all the voyeurs, vagabonds and flaneurs that the world has to offer. The city is inviting to all people from all walks of life, it says â€Å"Come in, grab a seat and while you’re at it observe all the beauty that is around you.† It comes as no surprise that when walking through the complex streets and alley ways of the city you are under constant surveillance from all; whether it be the advertisement models on the billboards or the people on the second floor of the TGIFriday’s across the street. As a city walker, you find yourself in the gaze of others and at times those others even attract your gaze as well. While there might not be any real harm in simply looking someone’s way, a gaze can be a very dangerous thing to be caught in if you are a woman. Much like our American media, the city is saturated in catering to the male gaze. This means objectifying and subjecting woman into lesser roles under men. The male gaze can lead to dangerous situations for a woman on her own in the city and although many people argue that sexism no longer exists in our world, or the world of New York City I can assure you that it still permeates our society in ways we simply deem â€Å"human nature.† Sexism has become so common in our society that people hardly even notice it at all. Whether it take the form of cat calling specific gender roles, sexism has become a major problem in our world and, more importantly, the city. Imagine for a moment that you are a woman gettingShow MoreRelatedAin ´t I a Women?: Sojourner Truth ´s Speech on Women ´s Rights Essay586 Words   |  3 Pagesevaluating the impact of sexism and racism that black women were subjected to, the history of the feminist movements, and the civil rights movements. In essence, the short and simple speech became and continues to act as a standard expression of the rights of women because it was a powerful rebuke to the then anti-feminist arguments while making her to become a symbol of strong women. The author of the speech, Sojourner Truth, was born into slavery in the state of New York as Isabella Baumfree iRead More Social Stratification and The Movie Sweet Home Alabama Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagescharacter. The main character Melanie Carmichael left her small town Alabama home and achieved an impressive upward social mobility. She began her life as a daughter of a respectful working class family to become a world famous fashion designer in New York City. At the beginning of the movie, Andrew, the mayor’s son, proposes to Melanie. She says yes, but before she can marry him, she has to clear up a not so final divorce with Jake, her high school sweetheart she left behind. 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Weird fiction stories cover a wide range of important issues including sexism, the social structure of tourist towns and the disparity of the working class. In the introduction to the book Weird Fiction by S. T. Joshi, different aspects of the weird tale are examined. Joshi states that â€Å"the weird tale†¦did notRead MoreAnalysis Of Emma Amoss Sandy And Her Husband992 Words   |  4 Pagesand this significance also underlies Amoss work.†This is a true statement, because Amos uses vibrant or bold colors in most of her paintings. On the other hand, Amos does not like to be known as a woman of color. When Amos came to New York City she realized that New York artists were for males. Even though she worked with male artists in spiral she still felt downgraded. After spiral ended she decided to go on her own path. Her style in her artwork was very interesting because she cultivated her ownRead MoreGraffiti And Other Artistic Writings1362 Words   |  6 Pageskept hidden from view. 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Healing the Emotional Scars of Antwoine Fisher - 727 Words

Antwoine Fisher was a man who was in the navy who had issues of aggression among his shipmates that would use vulgarity in their language that made him upset to the point that made him get into physical confrontations. He was a sailor with violent outbursts and tendencies. Although he was aware of being at risk of being kicked out of the navy for repetitive fighting, he was given the opportunity to see a naval psychiatrist. Making it difficult to open up to the doctor, Antwoine eventually did and reveals disturbing truths of his past life. He had issues that the average child would not experience, an example would be his childhood. In his childhood, he was bounced from foster homes where not only did he get habitual emotional abuse he was belittled by his caregivers at a very young age. After he decides to open up to the doctor, he begins to face his reality and locate the family he has never met. The focus of this paper is to identify the major problems he has experienced, the social and environmental factors that had an influence in the mental issues he was facing and is still battling today. First of all, Petty Officer Fisher was a single man with no children that served in the Navy. After admitting to assaulting a superior officer, disciplinary action was taken, that required him to perform 45 days of extra duty including restricted boundaries. Fisher had a history of inadequate impulse control. Now let’s have a look at the way he functioned. As an

Sociological Perspectives A Social Problems -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sociological Perspectives A Social Problem? Answer: Introduction Sociological imagination basically refers to the capability of watching the connections present between the larger forces in the history and the personal experiences. These are basically the intersections of history and biography. Through sociological imagination, the management in which the choices and the individual behaviours of the individuals are shaped based on the economic, historical, cultural and political forces can be analysed. In this context, C. Wright Mills (1959) gave a better explanation on sociological imagination, where he stressed on the individuals gaining an understanding on their own experiences and gauging their own fate by locating himself with the period in which such individual is. This discussion is concentrated on providing a deep insight on this very statement made by Mills. And in doing so, the problem of unemployment, which affects the society at large, and also is a personal problem for the writer, is detailed upon. In order to analyse the problem of unemployment, the theory given by Mills would be applied, which would enable in understanding how the individuals live and the manner in which the future is anticipated, based on the social environment affecting the individuals and others in same manner. Analysis The individuals face a number of social problems. For instance, a number of individuals are unemployed and poor, have family problems, have poor health, commit crime, or drink too much. When such cases are heard about, it can be easily blamed upon their difficulties. However, a different approach is taken under sociology, where the focus is over the problems of the individuals which are often stemmed in the problems of the society itself. In this regard, Mills (1959) has provided key insights and has made a classic differentiation in between the public uses and the personal troubles. The personal problems are the ones which affect the individual alone and are blamed on their moral or personal failings. Examples of it include divorce, unemployment and eating disorders. Public issues, on the other hand, are the ones which are present in the culture and social structure, and are the social problems which affect a number of individuals. The sociological imagination is a concept through which the possessor is able to gain an understanding on the large historical scenes regarding the meaning of external career and inner life for a number of individuals. This allows them to take in accounting the manner in which the individuals in the welter their daily experiences often become a false conscious of social positions. In such a muddle, the frameworks of the modern society are sought out and the range of individuals is formulated. Through the use of such means, the individuals personal uneasiness can be focused, in terms of their explicit troubles, and the publics indifference is transformed in involvement with the public issues (Mills, 1959). In this imagination, the first fruit and the first lesson in social science is found in the notion that the individuals can understand their experiences and can determine their fate by locating themself in the period in which such individuals are. By doing so, the individual can know their chances in life by being aware of those faced by the individuals based on the situations present. It has been stated that this is a terrible lesson, while some have deemed as a magnificent one. The capacity of men for their wiling degradation, supreme effort, for glee or agony, for sweetness of reason or pleasurable brutality is not known. Yet in the time, it has become a common knowledge that each individual knows about the limits of human nature, which are quite broad. It has been known now that each individual lives from a single generation to the next, in certain society, where they live a biography and live it with certain historical sequences. Through the living of such individuals, a contrib ution is made towards shaping of the society, and during the course of history, the society is made, through the pushes and shoves to it (Mills, 1959). In this very context, there is a need to consider unemployment. A city of 100,000 individuals having a single person as unemployed would be deemed as the personal trouble of the individual and for the relief of the same, there is a need to look at the skills of such individual, his character and the immediate opportunities with that individual. However, when it comes to the nation having fifty million employees, and fifteen million unemployed individuals, this would become an issue and a solution cannot be found in the range of opportunities which are open to an individual. When such happens, it becomes a public issue due to the structure of opportunities having been collapsed. Both the range of possible solutions and the correct statement of problem require a consideration of the political and economic institutions of society, in place of the character or personal situation of individuals. So, where only a handful of individuals are out of work, it becomes fair to say that the unemp loyment is a personal issue. Though, when a high number of individuals become out of work, as have been the case since the economic downturn of 2008, the same becomes a public issue. At such instances, the causes are not present in the individuals who are unemployed, but in the social and economic system of the society (University of Minnesota, 2018). In context of the modern day issue of unemployment, without the sociological imagination, an individual who losses their job in this economy would be helpless and would feel like they had been a lousy worker or were disposable. Later on, where the person would search for a new job, it would become extremely difficult for them, due to the increasing cuts being made by businesses, for saving money, and the employment opportunities becoming scarer. As a result of such rejections, an individual would feel trapped as is stated by Mills (1959). Though, with sociological imagination, the individuals who became newly unemployed would be able to see that the unemployment has become a global issue. This would allow them to place their own experiences in bigger picture, and would make them more inclined to battling these issues. This is due to the fact that each individual makes a contribution towards history, every minute of the day (University of Minnesota, 2018). It has been further suggested by Mills (1959) that the sociologists could make use of the sociological imagination for the purpose of examining the issues being faced by the society from an outward viewpoint. Particularly in the context of unemployment, the sociologists would be able to observe that in a nation of one million people, where five hundred individuals are unemployed, it would be a less urgency based issue in comparison to five hundred individuals being unemployed where the community has only one thousand individuals. This insight is particularly helpful in context of the social structure and is beneficial for the society as it helps in bringing down the self-conscious view of the individual which he holds of himself, as being an outsider. This would also allow for a higher attention to be paid on the societal problems of the individuals. In order to solve the personal disagreements, there is a need to look beyond these. The very notion of sociological imagination is a helpful instrument, which allows the individuals to feel more comfortable, and like it home, in the society where they are present. In addition to this, for the individuals who believe strongly in social and political activism, the motivation which the sociological imagination brings forth would be a very refreshing change from the inert attitude present in the nations like US. Where a higher number of individuals would be able to vote or where they held certain opinions on the issues of controversy, like unemployment, the general population would be able to attain changes and would be better in comparison to the political and financial elites having the entire control (University of Minnesota, 2018). In US, the high unemployment rate stemmed from the major economic downturn which took place in 2008 which is a leading example of proving the viewpoint of Mills. There were millions who lost their job, even when it was not their own fault. Even though some people were unemployed owing to their lack of good working habits or laziness, a more structural explanation was focused on the absence of opportunity for explaining why there were so many individuals who had no work. And upon the same taking place, unemployment was best understood as a public issue in place of being a personal issue. The unemployment of an individual can be solved through their skills and abilities and by increasing these. However, where the same is a problem of millions, it goes beyond the hands of the individuals and requires policies to be drafted in order to solve the public issue, thus highlighting the social elements being involved, which are bigger than the individuals (University of Minnesota, 2018). Unemployment is an extremely negative experience which remained private till it portrayed the feelings of personal failure as being a commonality when an individual loses their job. However, where the rates of unemployment go as high as 30%, as is the scenario in the majority of European nations at present, to deem it as a weakness or character flaw is unreasonable. This is because the majority of individuals in the society are facing this very issue and there is a need to ask regarding whether there is something in the very structure of society which is contributing to this problem. A range of nations today can define unemployment as a public issue owing to the economic downturn, which resulted from the subprime mortgage industry. Thus, unemployment, despite its private features, is to be deemed as a social problem, in place of being something which is born out of the personal shortfalls of the individual (Isaksen, 2013). However, it is important here to state that the notion of sociological imagination cannot be made use as an excuse for a person for not trying hard in achieving success in life. There would be a misuse of this by certain individuals as a manner of running away from their personal responsibilities. Though, in a majority of situations, an individual would fail even when they tried to do every right thing, for instance, working very hard, getting proper education and attempting to get a job. Even though a number of individuals could be lacking the ability of attaining success, it remains crucial to identify the root cause of this problem in terms of the structure, for instance, the discrimination of certain groups, exploitation of labour force, and inefficient political solutions. As such issues like these can never be resolved on an individual level by the person. This requires the application of sociological imagination in the day-to-day lives, which allows them in changing their pers onal situation and which ultimately helps in creation of a better society (University of Minnesota, 2018). Conclusion Thus, based on the discussion undertaken in the previous segments, it can be concluded that sociological imagination, as propagated by Mills (1959), presents the distinction between the personal problems from the social issues. This helps in making differentiation between when a problem would be blamed upon by the individual himself, for their laziness or incompetence; whilst social issues are the problems faced by a high number of individuals, and solving which require societal measures. This was specifically highlighted through the example of unemployment. When an individual or a handful of individuals are unable to get a job, it remains their personal problem. But, when this problem is present in a large number of individuals of the society, the unemployment in such cases become a social problem. The economic downturn of 2008is a leading example of unemployment being deemed as social problem. This led to the unemployment being deemed as a social problem, in place of the same being deemed as a private problem, as was taken to be in general. Thus, sociological imagination helps in getting clarity on when a particular issue transitions from being a personal issue to a social issue. References Isaksen, J.V. (2013). The Sociological Imagination: Thinking Outside the Box. Retrieved from: https://www.popularsocialscience.com/2013/04/29/the-sociological-imagination-thinking-outside-the-box/ Mills, C. W. (1959).The sociological imagination. operating: Oxford University Press. University of Minnesota. (2018). Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems. Retrieved from: https://open.lib.umn.edu/socialproblems/chapter/1-2-sociological-perspectives-on-social-problems/

There Are Many Types Of Cults In The World, Cults Are Essays - Cults

There are many types of cults in the world, cults are everywhere but you just do not see them. Every person in the world has been in contact with them in one way or another in many cases you cannot see them. The closest cult we know of is on Rice Lake called the Moonies led by Reverend Myung, where I have currently visited. Cults can be involved in churches and even are earliest religions are called cults. Cults are not the strongest groups' sects are the strongest group. When you join a sect you cannot get out of them but a cult you can leave without having any problem or commitment. Sects will not let you out because many times it's illegal and they are afraid that you will say something to the public. Cults sometimes are illegal to. Religious cults are in every town and village there is no definition of a cult that is accepted by sociologists and psychologist or religion many types of activities will take cult like structures, an example would be any popular trend like physical exercise this is called the physical fitness cult. Famous athletes are a big figure when it comes to cults, many times Movie stars, professional athletes will endorse a product and a trend will start, making it turn into a cult. Also people who generate beliefs of something like flying saucer, aliens or any unknown figures can be cult. In religion when people call a church they are referring to a sacred organization having a highly structured or formalized dogma and hierarchy, but also allowing a bit of flexibility about membership requirements allowing you to go to a church and leave church when you want to. Although sects are against church attempts to accommodate to secular society. Sects believe that they are protecting a true faith or belief. Sects tend to stay away from world events , and also they believe in a strong strict behavioral code and demand a commitment out of their people. The differences between cults and sects are sometimes the same. Many scholars do not make distinctions between the two. Cults are different because they do not expect as much commitment. Many times' cults do not expect couples to become apart. Cults do not last as long as sects. Many times' cults survive through a decade, and also cults allow you to come and go as you want. Leaders of cults build around a charismatic leader who has a lifestyle dedicated to a specific spirituality group that they know other people will follow. The word Mormonism began as a small cult then grew bigger until it became a sect and eventually into a church. All the new religions followed the same thing by beginning small and getting bigger than becoming a church. Cults go back as far as we know of life, cults began to get bigger and be known throughout the world in the late 1960s and early 70s as people were better educated and better understood how they were formed and how they were run and people began to join. During this time Youths and middle class people began to join cults because of the in thing to do and they felt more secure about themselves. Cults really started to fascinate people when Jimmy Jones cult began in November of 1978 when all attention was focused on the mass suicide in Jonestown, a similar event happened in 1993 when federal agents engaged in a shoot out with cult leader David Koresh. Modern cults have many different practices and many different ways of leadership. Some cults have a flexible functional leadership, like the groups in the charismatic movement coming from the mainland Christian religion, other cults have people who run and orchestrate cult events, like Reverend Myung Moon leader of the unification church. The reason people are attracted to modern cults because it puts emphasis on community and on direct experience with the divine. In cults' participants often find a level of social support and acceptance that they do not find in a nuclear family. This makes and generates a sense of belonging to something profound and a feel of being somebody. People who often join cults such as this, join because they think they are getting something the world did not give them. Several factors have been looked at to figure why people like are modern youths join cults. Factors that were looked at were drug's war assignation of many unpopular presidents. Cults have been questioned about brainwashing people, and found it to be true. Cargo cults are usually neutralist and

The Material Used To Make The Bible Essays - Textual Scholarship

The Material Used To Make The Bible Introduction The bible is most read book in the world today, as we know it. It is also the longest lasting book or should I say oldest, still available in our bookshelves across the world. The Lord has blessed us with the technology that we have today. We have computers, laptops, typewriters, and even pocket size machines that are capable of writing things down, or even voice recordings. But think back to the days when the words that fill the pages of the bible were being lived and mapped out. What was the time like in those days? Think, back of the tools that were used just to give us the book we know today as our guide to know the real God. I know that even now we still struggle with this process, but think how much harder it must have been for those people of that times period to write pages beyond pages of stories and accounts. The endless hours it must have taken to write just one book of the bible. The process of gathering information and the fact that all these books could have survived th e times and be brought all together to form just one single book that would last over a thousand years later. In this paper I will tell you al little about the various tools used by the writers of the bible. Papyrus Papyrus is a water plant whose fibers were used by the people of Egypt to make a writing material. It also was used as material for mats, sandals, and sailcloth. The brownish flowers were made into garlands for the shrines of the Egyptian gods. Many people think the mother of Moses hid her son in an ark made of Papyrus. The papyrus plant still grows in the Nile valley of Egypt. It is also found in Ethiopia, Syria, southern Italy, and Sicily. The plants reedlike stems grow 3 to 20 feet high. As many as 100 flowers stalks spring from the top of each stem. These stalks may be more than 12 inches long. The Egyptians made a writing material also called papyrus, by laying strips of the plants stems in layers, and then placing them under pressure. The crushed Strips matted into a loose-textured, porous, white paper. Time has been known to turn surviving papyrus manuscripts brown and brittle. The paper was sold as long rectangular sheets of different sizes. The sheets were at first rolled an d tied with string, Later there were bound together into books. Until the 100s BC, Egypt guarded its monopoly on the preparation of the paper. Then the more durable parchment gradually replaced papyrus. This is also known as the most popular writing material of the time. Parchment Parchment is animal skin that has been prepared as a surface for writing. The word parchment usually means a writing material, made from the skins of sheep, goats, or calves, thus meaning them to be very long lasting. Parchment scrolls have survived from about 1500 BC. In making parchment, the skins are first washed and then placed in lime to remove the hair and fat. Next, the skins are stretched on a frame and thinned with knives and scrapers. Finally, the skins are rubbed with chalk and pumice in order to create a smooth, white writing surface. A form of fine, high-quality parchment called vellum is made from the skins of calves or lambs. Vellum has been used for important writings such as charters, university diplomas, and wills. Heavy parchment is made from the skins of calves, donkeys, goats, and wolves. It is used for drumheads. Dipping pure, unsized paper into a cooled mixture of sulfuric acid and water, and then washing and drying it under pressure make parchment paper, also called vegetable parchment. This process makes the paper partly transparent and much stronger than ordinary paper. Parchment paper is used for legal documents and maps. Parchment was especially popular in the ancient cities of Asia Minor. The Jews, Persians, and other ancient people used it for sacred and literary writings. Beginning about 200 BC, parchment gradually replaced papyrus as the most commonly used writing material. Parchment remained the leading writing material in the

FDR vs. Hoover essays

FDR vs. Hoover essays Was the Colonial Period aGolden Age? for Women in America? In general when one hears the wordscolony? andwomen? in the same sentence, one conjures up an image of a lowly, meek she-slave silently churning butter in the corner. Quite contrary to popular belief, it appears that women in colonial America did possess somewhat of a more important status than did their English contemporaries back home. However, anothre aopinion may argue that women, no matter race, were bound to their domestic lives of arduous, fatiguing work. Although I understand the first argument, I correspond better with the idea that the colonial period indeed was a time of independence and free will for women in America. The first opinion unflinchingly argues that sixteenth and seventeenth century, colonial women of various races all shared the same secondary, subservient positions in which they were confined to household duties, secluded from the company of other women, and denied any real opportunities of education or a voice in politics. Back then a woman's sole concerns were food preservation and cloth production, aside from cooking, cleaning, and washing. The more affluent women with servants didn't have to engage in such grueling labor, but they still had to know how to perform certain duties in order to make sure they were done correctly. Additionally, women had to make cloth by hand, a long and boring process involving spinning wool or flax threads, then weaving it into material for clothing. Women of other races had similar responsibilities; Native American women also made clothing by tanning and processing the hides of slaughtered animals. African women probably had the worst end of the deal, in that they were subservient to their white masters (which included white men, women, and even children) and were more likely to labor outdoors. Their labor ranged from being a cook or a maid to working in both field and house. Another issue affecting both whi...

The Structure and Business of Blackstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Structure and Business of Blackstone - Essay Example It's a veritable feast for the discerning investor's eyes: 37% compound annual revenue growth, 65% operating margins, $3 million in profit per employee, returns on invested capital in the triple digits. And a cherry on top: the Blackstone Group is arguably the uber-buyout firm. Led by billionaire cofounders Steven Schwarzman and Peter Peterson, Blackstone has gone from relative obscurity to global renown in the span of roughly two decades, parlaying a penchant for deal making and a yen for competition into a war chest that now brims with billions of dollars in investment capital. Blackstone Capital has extensive expertise in structuring transactions under Regulation D, SCOR, Rule 144A, Reg. A, Reg. S, and other public or private direct offerings, as well as commercial lending, mezzanine financing, commercial paper, and subordinated debt transactions. Their structures provide an exit strategy for investors with short or long-term holding periods. Basically what Blackstone does is delivers to its client’s necessary capital, for less cost, more efficiently, and strategically structured. It operates from a style, which avails itself of the richness of a variety of investment philosophies and techniques that will ultimately provide superior returns while exposing a particular partnership to lesser risk. It is here, that Blackstone prides itself in creating the innovative financial solutions for its clients. Their primary objective is to maximize value for their clients. Blackstone’s business is organized into four segments: 1) corporate private equity, which focuses on management of the Company’s private equity funds; 2) real estate, which is responsible for management of Blackstone’s various real estate investment funds; 3) â€Å"marketable alternative asset management,† which involves management of Blackstone’s various hedge funds, mezzanine funds, and other â€Å"alternative† in vestment vehicles; and 4) The financial advisory group, which comprises the Company’s advisory services business that provides, for example, merger and acquisition analysis and services to other companies. These various funds are generally structured as limited partnerships that are capitalised by limited-partner investors (such as institutional investors and pension funds) and managed by Blackstone, which, through subsidiary holding partnerships, serves as general partner. Blackstone therefore does not own directly either the various portfolio companies in which it’s corporate private equity funds invest or the real estate assets owned by its real estate funds. Rather, Blackstone derives revenue from two principal sources: It earns a â€Å"management fee† equal to 1.5% of the value of the assets under management; It earns a â€Å"performance fee† or â€Å"carried interest† equal to 20% of the profits generated on the capital it invests for limited partners. Blackstone is subject, however, to having its performance fees â€Å"clawed back.† That is, the Company is obligated to return performance fees to investors if investments perform poorly. In contrast to those who invest in Blackstone’s various funds, investors in Blackstone itself acquire a stake in Blackstone’s investment management business, hoping that strong performance by the various investment funds will generate performance fees for the Company. 4.2 Southern Cross Healthcare Southern Cross He

Freedom and Responsibility of Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom and Responsibility of Parents - Essay Example In this story we have Patrick, the head of the family who brought untold miseries to his family by being an irresponsible parent. Patrick’s wife was very naà ¯ve and was carried away by all that Patrick told her and never once questioned his actions. In fact she thought that her husband was very handsome and genuine in his dealings with her. Patrick took advantage of the situation and never told his wife any details of how he earned his money. Patrick worked as an orderly at the hospital but stole a lot of drugs and sold them for a high price. Sometimes, he used to be away from home for days on end and when he returned usually brought a lot of money. His wife never questioned from where the money came but she happily spent her share without asking any questions. Their little son Davey was too small to understand what was going on between his parents. The drugs such as Valium and ludes were found all over the place and both parents took whatever they wanted and did not care ab out what happened after that. Soon Patrick got into deep trouble and was imprisoned and got a sentence of 25 years and Davey’s mother had to be taken to the hospital for treatment. She was in a rather bad shape and when at the hospital she said â€Å"They took me for a junkie and I guess I was really one too, though I hadn’t known it till that very day.† (Madison Smartt Bell) When she came out of hospital life was still hard as she had to run up and down between the prison and the house. Her son Davey was given away to the Bakers who looked after him with great care and love. Once a month his mother used to visit him and spend some time playing around with Davey. According to me this whole scene is unwarranted and a child who could have had a safe and healthy home was now penalized and was forced to live away from his family because of responsible parents. This pain and trauma could have been avoided had Davey been blessed with good parents.

What are the effects on developing countries of integration into the Essay

What are the effects on developing countries of integration into the global economy - Essay Example However, there are many challenges experienced with the global integration of the economy. The developing countries are the most affected because of the competition, unequal economic strength, and level of developments. Their level of growth is not same as the first world nations making third world nations lag behind in terms of infrastructure provisions among other things. Hence, developing nations experience stiff competition from the developed nations that has sophisticated equipment and tools of the trade to leverage them. Moreover, the integration of the developing nations into the world economy creates imbalance owing to the nature of industrialization in the first and third world countries. Therefore, developing countries are harmed by the integration of the global economy because they have very little to offer on the global market compared to the developed nations. The rest of the paper will examine the effects of integrating developing countries into the global economy. The integration of third world nations into the global economy has facilitated the flow of capital from the developed or middle economic nations to the developing world countries (CEPAL 2). Today, many third world nations have developed economic trade ties with major drivers of world economies that have seen the flow of capital. Before the integration, developing countries had no option of getting circulating funds because of their insignificance in terms of contribution and share in the global economy (CEPAL 3). Similarly, many developing nations are receiving cash flow in terms of grants, soft loan, and donation, which help in steering development projects. Different oversea agencies such World Bank among others assist the developing nations in overcoming their financial challenges as well as initiating development projects. However, the increased capital flow does not only contribute to

Analysis of IT Requirements for Pharmaceutical Business

Analysis of IT Requirements for Pharmaceutical Business Project Title Analyzing the IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical wholesaler working in India. Abstract The aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. This project will investigate domain-specific requirements for billing, stock maintenance, customer services; keep track of drug licenses and retail pharmaceuticals in India. And develop a software system to automate wholesale pharmaceutical company in order bring effectiveness and productivity, profitability into business. Introduction Pharmacy is a domain, which has already shown lot of growth in India. As of now when we consider, it is still fast growing field when compared with other fields. â€Å"Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Works† is the first Indian pharmaceutical company. This company exists even now and operating in government sector. It was established in 1930. Since then most of the time India imported drugs from other countries. It happened for around 60 years. Later on in India, the government started helping pharmacy industries to see what they are today. At present there are many laws that govern pharmaceutical companies and drugs in India. There are some patent related rights. As of now Indian pharmaceutical industry is doing well and recognized by the world. It is having good share in the world market. In India around 20000 drug manufacturers exist. As peripheral outfits, medical wholesalers, retailers, dealers started growing. In this backdrop, the aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. When it comes the theme of this project that is increasing the effectiveness of drugs wholesalers by adopting Information Technology as the main instrument to provide quality of service to its customers and get maximum profits out of it. The main purpose of using such software is to improve the performance, transparency, consistency in the system. It is difficult to do many things manual. The manual system has the following drawbacks. Time consumption Error prone Less profitability Less customer satisfaction Provided the above drawbacks of manual system, if the same is automated we can reap the following benefits. The benefits of using such Information Systems can strengthen the pharmaceutical industry in India. Wholesalers in this field are important part of such businesses. It is not like taking care of one business. It is like taking care of complete chain of businesses. We should have good supply chain mechanism that works with co-ordination by all business partners. The wholesalers provide both stocking and distribution functionalities. They enable customers to get products easily whenever required. There must be trade association between manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers in order to provide in time and quality service to its consumers. The pharmaceutical wholesalers can also sale other related to products not only medicines. Other products related to medicine they can have some business. They can also provide technical information to people. They are equipped with the knowledge of various drugs and how to handle them and use them. One fine thing about pharmaceutical industry is that they are controlled by the government. This paves way to good and healthy nature among the companies that are into this market. Small and medium software systems can help wholesalers and business holders provide good service to their respective customers. Customer satisfaction is the key for any business to grow. For this we have got new subjects like â€Å"Customer Relationship Management† (CRM) and eCRM. The wholesalers could be a part of SCM (Supply Chain Management). In this case they can use the common software for entire chain. Or else they can have different software with heterogeneous nature and still work under common interfaces. They can work together to achieve the business goals of business partners. Once again I reiterate that Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. Client Background Padma Agencies is the pharmaceutical business wholesaler. Its business is located in Koti, Hyderabad, India. The shop area is 12*20 sqft space. Total staff is 10 members, in these 2 members fill the stock, 2 members writing bills, 1 member collecting cash, 5 members to save and packing all to customers. They dont have any problem in serving customers. Mostly the time is wasting at billing and calculating and at cash point because the calculating and billing is manually, so at cash point he must check the items and price and total again by manually due to containing the correct prices are available for customer or not. Here price can vary by mistakes. More Details of Example Company No data base is used to maintain the stock. There are different types of products and number of companies. The company salesmen (i.e., PG, Nestle, Cadbury, etc) come to the shop and check the quantity with help of staff member and place an order for stock to them by guessing the quantity. Expiry and damage stock will be replaced by company, if the staff can find it and hand over to company. Some products (i.e., summer products, rainy products, winter products) maintain heavy stock by their seasons and demanding products. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Customer Placing Order Customer visit with order form Customer can order by phone. Delivery Pickup the order forms from customers and serve the items to customer, after calculating manually and payment Taking the order from phone and packed in a handled care boxes and delivery by using transport facility. Payment Methods These shops accept by cash, cheques and D.D only. Selling The goods are sale only who have a drug license No(i.e., only for Retail Pharmaceuticals) Every product had a price on them i.e., called maximum retail price (M.R.P.). Present Mode of Operation They are selling all the products by whole sale price, now the present system is totally manually i.e. billing on a paper and calculating with calculators, stock maintenance is just by guessing. Price checking is maintain in a book and items are 6000-8000 different types of items they maintaining. Daily Maintenance In the company they are maintaining ten employees, 1 M.D, 1 assist manager. In these shops the customers are visit in 4-500 hundreds per day. The salesmans sales the goods only for whom having a drug license, so, here the customer should have a drug license number to buy any product in the shop. Selling Daily A customer comes with an order form containing of items, sizes and quantity. The present system is manual and has the following drawbacks. Is a semi-automated at where the information is stored in the form of excel sheets in disk drives. The information storage and maintenance is more critical in this system. Tracking the salesman activities, customer activities and progress of the work is a complex operation. Existing system cannot provide the facility of accepting cheques. Very less security because of file systems. Very less customer satisfaction as quality of service is less. Time consuming process because of manual report generation. Management of stocks may not be accurate. Prediction of drugs demand, based on seasons is complex. Placing of orders through phone and home delivery is not possible. This system cannot provide the information sharing by 247 days. Literature Review India Pharmaceutical Industry Richard Gerster said â€Å"The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent.†India is a country in which it is proven that growth of pharmaceutical science, manufacturing and wholesaling is more. Across the country there are about 20,000 manufacturing units. The drug control authority in India gives licenses to drug manufacturers. India has quality producers who complete with world giants in the same industry. It is made possible as India has advantages in terms of good and skilled man power, excellent and cost-effective chemical synthesis, and good financial and legal framework which will ensure faster growth in the industry, very good strength in information technology usage, globalization, and good opportunities for foreign investors in this sector. As can be seen in the above table large share of revenue is generated by pharmaceutical industry in India. The table also shows the companies that stand top 10 positions. The future growth of India pharmaceutical sector is shown in the following diagram. Indian pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing a phenomenal growth in recent years. With low-cost manufacturing, most of small firms they dont have their own production facilities but they operate using the spare capacity of another company drug manufactures. High quality research, personal education and the facilities of manufacturing the Indian pharmaceuticals industry presents a competitive thread. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has got first in the Indian science based technologies with their wide range of capabilities in the complex of drugs manufacturing and technology. It is a highly organized sector worth to be a $4.5 billions and increasing the profitability with 8 to 9 percentage annually. Indian pharmaceutical industry placed before than all in terms of quality, technology, and the range of medicine manufactured. It is manufacturing every type of medicine for a small things to sophisticated antibiotics. In the development of medicines Indian Pharmaceutical Industry playing a key role and it fallows the quality procedures by regulatory authorities in U.S.A and U.K. Many international companies are associated with this sector and these companies are assisted and stimulated for past more than 50 years and helps to India keep on the pharmaceuticals world. It is extremely fragmented with more than 20000 registered units and growing drastically in the last two decades. Only the leading 250 companies are getting 70 percentage of market with market leader holding 7% of the market share. With demanding of tablets, capsules, orals, bulk drugs, drug intermediates and pharmaceutical formulations, Indian pharmaceutical sector meets over 70% of the countries demands. In India there is 5 central public units, 250 large units and nearly 8000 small scale sector units. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has low costs of production, low RD costs, innovation of scientific manpower, strength of laboratories and increasing balance of trade. The pharmaceutical company is going on the international market with its rich scientific talent and research capabilities. The domestic pharma industry: The domestic pharma industry has recently achieved some historic milestones through a leadership position and global assessment. Many Indian companies maintained amazing standards and stability, environmental production and supply of bulk drugs to some innovate companies. More of Indian companies are now seeking regulatory approvals in USA in specialized segments. Increasing number of Indian pharmaceutical companies have been getting international regulatory approvals for their plants. Indian companies are now seeking more abbreviated new drug approvals in USA in specialized segments. Growth of Indian market: In the year of 2009 Indian pharmacy was assessed $7,743m which increments of 4% than 2007u.Business observers decided that India has made good percentage than other international companies. It is also appearing as a preferred location for pharmaceutical companies. India is the world fourth largest producer of pharmaceuticals in volume. And it increases the productivity indirectly. Indian pharmaceutical industry reached us$10.88 billion and it is likely to becomes double in volume that is us$20.95 billion in 2014. Globalization of Indian pharmaceutical industry: In the early of 1990s the Indian government has opened its market to foreign investments and started the globalization. Indian pharmacy sector globalization took place with the other countries entered into this sector. Globalization has increased the world in recent years due to rapid progress especially in communications and transport. The various advantages of globalization is it brought huge amount of foreign currency into industry and turn to boost up India. With many foreign companies entering in Indian pharmacy sector, it increase the jobs availability in India. The benefits of Indian pharmaceutical globalization is, many of the foreign international companies entering into India and brought with a highly equipment technology and it improves the medicines quality and that were available to the people. Many Indian pharmaceutical companies took over international companies to grow up and for more profits. There are some disadvantages also appearing in globalization of Indian pharmacy that there may be increase the competition between foreign pharmaceutical companies and domestic companies. This will result that the profits may decrease and companies may shut-down. And one more disadvantage is many of the foreign pharmacy companies are taking over the domestic companies which happened already. This may led to fear that foreign companies will take over the Indian pharmacy companies. And many of employees lost their jobs by the company integrations. Advantage in India: India posses a skillful work force with high technical and as well as managerial competence. The track record of development and cost-schedule synthesis for various drug molecules are excellent. Legal framework is also good in India, financial market is also good. It has a good network of world most educational institutes. The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. after many years international pharmaceutical industry has discovered many opportunities in India. Future of pharmaceutical sector: The future of pharmaceutical sector in India is extremely good and positive. Several Indian companies are acquiring US Europe companies and several more are raising funds to do so. India has began recognizing global patents. In future Indian pharmacy going to be an unbeatable position in Pharmacy. It is one of the fastest growing sector in India. Market for pharmaceuticals in India has strong potential for increased growth. Generic drugs produced in India being accepted worldwide. Global pharmaceutical companies dealing a long term relationships with India. View of pharmaceutical sector: As in the present scenario only few people can afford costly medicines which has improved price sensitivity in the market. That is the reason most of the companies introducing the high quality medicines with low price drugs for giving the competition to other industries. With product patent act which takes place in January 2005, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is attracted the MNCs to India. At present most of the Indian companies are looking forward to tie up with foreign industries for in-licensed drugs. Contract research and pharmaceutical outsourcing are the new events in Indian pharmacy market. Indian multinational companies have created awareness about Indian market in world pharmacy industries. Legislative Framework Pertaining To Manufacture and Sale of Drugs in India In the early 1990s, the drug industry in India was negligible and used to import drugs from other countries. Later the Indian government understood the situation and decided to introduce laws related to drug manufacturing and distribution. Gradually it ensured that industry is growing faster and introduced many other laws that govern the industry. At present in India the following acts and rules are present to control the manufacture, import, export and clinical research of medicines and cosmetics in India. The drugs and cosmetics act, 1940 The pharmacy act, 1948 The drugs and magic remedies act, 1954 The narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985 The medical and toilet preparations act, 1956 The drugs order, 1995 Academic Literature in on Requirements Analysis for Small Business Systems Pertaining to Pharmacy Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. They are: Electronic transfer of prescriptions Hospital e-prescribing Information governance The electronic prescriptions between prescribers and pharmacists improve the efficiency and quality of service. It allows various fragments of pharmacy related systems get connected seamlessly. The hospital e-prescribing programmed is used to support chain of activities like prescription, administration and supply of medicines. Information sharing is also possible among health related systems in the world. Known Issues that Affect Pharmaceutical Business There is an improving pressure on Pharmaceutical and bio-technology companies to use information technology in order to achieve their business goals. Areas in Health Care industry such as drug development, molecular research, formulary acceptance, detailing, contract sales, whole sailing has been affected by the rapid growth of IT industry The competition in the industry is comparing to be the best or second in the fray. Every area of pharmacy industry is affected by the influence of science and technology and organizations are compelled to take the help of IT at least to remain in the industry There are some issues related to laws of Indian government. The industry must stick to the acts/rules imposed by government. Such rules may be changing from time to time. Answer to many of these issues is in the ability of companies pertaining to pharmaceutical utilizing the full power of Information Technology to leverage its profitability. The information related challenges can be overcome by using Information Technology in bio technology and pharmacy. More about Pharmaceutical Industry in India The government of India has been very supportive for drug Industry in the country. The government has been giving many benefits to the pharmaceutical companies in India. They are given land for establishing company and also tax benefits related to business. The Indian government not only encouraging the companies in India, it also helped many foreign investors muster their funds and invest in India in the industry of pharmaceuticals. In the process of improvement this industry has faced many challenges too. The problems like lack of funding for beginners, difficulty in getting funds from government. The biochemical industry is uncertain. Another important problem faced by Indian pharmaceutical companies in the early stages for long time was that â€Å"lack of skilled human resources†. Of course this is there in all industries to some extent. Indian companies overcame such problems and now having a very good share in the world pharmaceutical business. Functional Requirements of Proposed System for Padma Agencies Maintenance of customer details. Stock maintenance. Billing. Order details. Keeping track of drug licenses. Predicting the future demands of the retailers based on the seasons. Ordering of goods through phone and home delivery is possible. Online ordering of goods. Customized report generation. The functional requirements are classified into the following modules Stock Maintenance Ordering Billing Stock Maintenance Module This module is responsible for complete stock maintenance. It takes care of complete inventory of medicines and related products. It can generate reports as per the stock status. As things are sold the changes in the physical store is reflected in this inventory. Ordering Module In this module all the work related to ordering of goods is done. Placing orders by predicting the behavior of the retailers and the customers. It takes care of orders sent by its retail customers. It is also responsible to generate reports related to orders received from its customers and order made to pharmacy manufacturers. Billing Module When the system is started, it should authenticate user before providing its functionalities The output bill should appear as containing the shop name, address, phone number and drug license no. It contains which system i.e. (system 1, system 2,etc), billing staff id, name, bill no(transaction number), time, date, receipt type (original, duplicate, refund, void item, void transaction, etc), quantity, product name price per single and total price quantity, and the end grand total for all products , if vat is applicable then vat summary. Salesman is the person who involves in bill preparation, report generation for the current stocks maintained and tracking the drug licenses of the retailers. It is responsible for billing activities for the licensed customers. It does mean that the retail businesses that contain a valid drug license are allowed to buy pharmacy products from this store. System Requirements Thorough understanding of the system in terms of technologies required warrants that the following are the software and hardware requirements to build this system. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Operating System : Windows XP/2000/2003/Vista Technology : Core Java, JDBC, Swings (JDK 1.5/1.6) Database Server : Oracle 9i/10G HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor : Pentium based systems with a minimum of P4 RAM : 256MB (minimum) Research Methodology Case 1: Standard labeling rules when dispensing medicines. Interfacing with a standard accounting package. Providing links to manufacturers web pages about specific products. Drug wholesalers websites to get some ideas? Standard Labeling Rules When Dispensing Medicines: A system for automated dispensing of a packaged pharmaceutical comprising good medicine labeling standards is vital to ensure the safe use of medicines. The intention of this study is to evaluate and compare compliance towards labeling standard for dispensed medications between community pharmacists and general practitioners. The medicines for human use Regulations 1994 specify the requirements for the labeling of relevant medical products which are supplied to patients. Dispensed medicines would normally require being added number of details at the time of supply. But much of the information about medicines will be available on the label of hospital manufacturing unit. The regulations has amended to allow for a reduced dispensing label requirement to cover the patient name, date of dispensing , dose or volume , direction to use and cautionary steps to follow. The medical product has to be prepared or dispensed in accordance with the prescription by the given practitioner. The assembled product is for retail supply or circumstances corresponding to retail supply. The assembled product must be sold from that pharmacy or at any other registered pharmacy forming part of the same retail pharmacy business. The assembled product cannot be advertised. The over label must not obscure the printed text of a licensed pack in any way. The label has to apply to the blank area designated on the original pack for the dispensing label. In cases where an original pack does not have provision for a dispensing label, the over label should be firmly attached to the pack in a manner that is easily readable and does not obscure the licensed text nor interfere with the safe and effective use of the medicine. Original packs over labeled in accordance with these principles may be supplied direct to hospital pharmacies, health centers etc without the necessity for formal variation of the Marketing Authorization by the Marketing Authorization holder. Breaking bulk (manufacturers original pack) will require a variation to the respective Marketing Authorization. It would be normally good practice to add the date of the supply; it can be form as a following diagram. The dispensed container should me labeled with the following information Practice name, address and 24 hour telephone number(s). hould specify the intended users. Client name, patient name and client address also. Purpose of the drug prescription, Drug name and Strength. Number if tables or volume in case of liquid. Date dispensed. Direction for use like dose, frequency and method taking the drug. Relevant information and warnings, and the process of preventing the danger if the drug has taken accidentally. Labeling of investigational medicines This paragraph is about the standard labeling for the investigational products which are used in clinical trials. The trail has to be conducted within the Member states conducted by study. The planning of trail doesnt require any particular manufacturing. The normal dispensing label would be of the form as shown below In addition to this quantity of dose (number of tables/capsules) is also to be added. It can also include Name of sponsor, means name research organization /investigator. Trail reference code specifying the identification of the trail site. It would contain the information on the product, dosage, storage conditions, and batch number etc. Interfacing With a Standard Accounting Package The pharmaceutical wholesaler â€Å"Padma Agencies† can have its account part integrated with some standard accounting packages already available in the market instead of reinventing the wheel again. At present its mode of payment is as shown below. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Instead of making all the modules in the pharmaceutical application, the application can be integrated with a standard account package. All the functionalities provided by accounting packages can be reused if we can seamlessly integrate our application with that. This is possible provided standard interfaces given by the accounting packages vendors that support integration with the applications developed in other languages. This integrates accounting, accounts receivable, and inventory management systems, which allows the distributor headquarters to operate with minimal staffing. Each step of the process is self-contained and modular allowing rapid and flexible geographic expansion. Web Links to Drug Manufactures From the application we can provide the web links to different manufacturing companies across the world. So if some specific product is not available from local market that should be purchased from the manufacturing company. For that if required product has selected and makes a request than the manufacturing company web site will be explored. Pharmaceutical involves manufacturing of drugs and equipments in healthcare. Development of drugs is a costly process in pharmaceutical. And the drug producing companies should have commercial license for research and development according to the rules and regulations of the drug license standard body. And distribution and marketing is also a vital role. The pharmaceutical market of India has achieved a tremendous growth in technology and infrastructure. The sites can introduce you about the pharmaceutical industry. And site will provide the information about the latest innovations and developments and future scopes of the pharmaceutical industry. And the different aspects of the pharmaceutical industry have been explored. Moreover it provides history information about pharmaceutical industry along with its future scope. In addition to manufacturer information it is also provide that the product information, complete description of the product, its usage, storage conditions, ingredients ration, and whom should use under which circumstances. The pharmaceutical wholesalers are having a vital role in supply of medications. For ethical pharmaceuticals wholesaler provides a link between pharmaceutical manufactures and retail outlet pharmacies, dispensing doctors and hospitals and promoting the new innovative medications. The responsibilities of the Pharmaceutical wholesaler Pharmaceutical wholesalers provide distribution and stock holding functions. And for customers the products should be provided according to their daily requirements. So that avoiding customers having large stock. Retails pharmacists and dispensing doctors have to keep normal working medicine stock. The wholesalers have to efficiently supply on a daily basis or even within a shorter period after receiving the orders from their customers. Full line wholesalers can stock and sell a full range of pharmaceuticals. But Short line wholesalers should sell only fast moving products; they should not contain all the products stock. They can import these products from manufacturers or foreign wholesalers. Analysis of IT Requirements for Pharmaceutical Business Analysis of IT Requirements for Pharmaceutical Business Project Title Analyzing the IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical wholesaler working in India. Abstract The aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. This project will investigate domain-specific requirements for billing, stock maintenance, customer services; keep track of drug licenses and retail pharmaceuticals in India. And develop a software system to automate wholesale pharmaceutical company in order bring effectiveness and productivity, profitability into business. Introduction Pharmacy is a domain, which has already shown lot of growth in India. As of now when we consider, it is still fast growing field when compared with other fields. â€Å"Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Works† is the first Indian pharmaceutical company. This company exists even now and operating in government sector. It was established in 1930. Since then most of the time India imported drugs from other countries. It happened for around 60 years. Later on in India, the government started helping pharmacy industries to see what they are today. At present there are many laws that govern pharmaceutical companies and drugs in India. There are some patent related rights. As of now Indian pharmaceutical industry is doing well and recognized by the world. It is having good share in the world market. In India around 20000 drug manufacturers exist. As peripheral outfits, medical wholesalers, retailers, dealers started growing. In this backdrop, the aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. When it comes the theme of this project that is increasing the effectiveness of drugs wholesalers by adopting Information Technology as the main instrument to provide quality of service to its customers and get maximum profits out of it. The main purpose of using such software is to improve the performance, transparency, consistency in the system. It is difficult to do many things manual. The manual system has the following drawbacks. Time consumption Error prone Less profitability Less customer satisfaction Provided the above drawbacks of manual system, if the same is automated we can reap the following benefits. The benefits of using such Information Systems can strengthen the pharmaceutical industry in India. Wholesalers in this field are important part of such businesses. It is not like taking care of one business. It is like taking care of complete chain of businesses. We should have good supply chain mechanism that works with co-ordination by all business partners. The wholesalers provide both stocking and distribution functionalities. They enable customers to get products easily whenever required. There must be trade association between manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers in order to provide in time and quality service to its consumers. The pharmaceutical wholesalers can also sale other related to products not only medicines. Other products related to medicine they can have some business. They can also provide technical information to people. They are equipped with the knowledge of various drugs and how to handle them and use them. One fine thing about pharmaceutical industry is that they are controlled by the government. This paves way to good and healthy nature among the companies that are into this market. Small and medium software systems can help wholesalers and business holders provide good service to their respective customers. Customer satisfaction is the key for any business to grow. For this we have got new subjects like â€Å"Customer Relationship Management† (CRM) and eCRM. The wholesalers could be a part of SCM (Supply Chain Management). In this case they can use the common software for entire chain. Or else they can have different software with heterogeneous nature and still work under common interfaces. They can work together to achieve the business goals of business partners. Once again I reiterate that Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. Client Background Padma Agencies is the pharmaceutical business wholesaler. Its business is located in Koti, Hyderabad, India. The shop area is 12*20 sqft space. Total staff is 10 members, in these 2 members fill the stock, 2 members writing bills, 1 member collecting cash, 5 members to save and packing all to customers. They dont have any problem in serving customers. Mostly the time is wasting at billing and calculating and at cash point because the calculating and billing is manually, so at cash point he must check the items and price and total again by manually due to containing the correct prices are available for customer or not. Here price can vary by mistakes. More Details of Example Company No data base is used to maintain the stock. There are different types of products and number of companies. The company salesmen (i.e., PG, Nestle, Cadbury, etc) come to the shop and check the quantity with help of staff member and place an order for stock to them by guessing the quantity. Expiry and damage stock will be replaced by company, if the staff can find it and hand over to company. Some products (i.e., summer products, rainy products, winter products) maintain heavy stock by their seasons and demanding products. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Customer Placing Order Customer visit with order form Customer can order by phone. Delivery Pickup the order forms from customers and serve the items to customer, after calculating manually and payment Taking the order from phone and packed in a handled care boxes and delivery by using transport facility. Payment Methods These shops accept by cash, cheques and D.D only. Selling The goods are sale only who have a drug license No(i.e., only for Retail Pharmaceuticals) Every product had a price on them i.e., called maximum retail price (M.R.P.). Present Mode of Operation They are selling all the products by whole sale price, now the present system is totally manually i.e. billing on a paper and calculating with calculators, stock maintenance is just by guessing. Price checking is maintain in a book and items are 6000-8000 different types of items they maintaining. Daily Maintenance In the company they are maintaining ten employees, 1 M.D, 1 assist manager. In these shops the customers are visit in 4-500 hundreds per day. The salesmans sales the goods only for whom having a drug license, so, here the customer should have a drug license number to buy any product in the shop. Selling Daily A customer comes with an order form containing of items, sizes and quantity. The present system is manual and has the following drawbacks. Is a semi-automated at where the information is stored in the form of excel sheets in disk drives. The information storage and maintenance is more critical in this system. Tracking the salesman activities, customer activities and progress of the work is a complex operation. Existing system cannot provide the facility of accepting cheques. Very less security because of file systems. Very less customer satisfaction as quality of service is less. Time consuming process because of manual report generation. Management of stocks may not be accurate. Prediction of drugs demand, based on seasons is complex. Placing of orders through phone and home delivery is not possible. This system cannot provide the information sharing by 247 days. Literature Review India Pharmaceutical Industry Richard Gerster said â€Å"The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent.†India is a country in which it is proven that growth of pharmaceutical science, manufacturing and wholesaling is more. Across the country there are about 20,000 manufacturing units. The drug control authority in India gives licenses to drug manufacturers. India has quality producers who complete with world giants in the same industry. It is made possible as India has advantages in terms of good and skilled man power, excellent and cost-effective chemical synthesis, and good financial and legal framework which will ensure faster growth in the industry, very good strength in information technology usage, globalization, and good opportunities for foreign investors in this sector. As can be seen in the above table large share of revenue is generated by pharmaceutical industry in India. The table also shows the companies that stand top 10 positions. The future growth of India pharmaceutical sector is shown in the following diagram. Indian pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing a phenomenal growth in recent years. With low-cost manufacturing, most of small firms they dont have their own production facilities but they operate using the spare capacity of another company drug manufactures. High quality research, personal education and the facilities of manufacturing the Indian pharmaceuticals industry presents a competitive thread. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has got first in the Indian science based technologies with their wide range of capabilities in the complex of drugs manufacturing and technology. It is a highly organized sector worth to be a $4.5 billions and increasing the profitability with 8 to 9 percentage annually. Indian pharmaceutical industry placed before than all in terms of quality, technology, and the range of medicine manufactured. It is manufacturing every type of medicine for a small things to sophisticated antibiotics. In the development of medicines Indian Pharmaceutical Industry playing a key role and it fallows the quality procedures by regulatory authorities in U.S.A and U.K. Many international companies are associated with this sector and these companies are assisted and stimulated for past more than 50 years and helps to India keep on the pharmaceuticals world. It is extremely fragmented with more than 20000 registered units and growing drastically in the last two decades. Only the leading 250 companies are getting 70 percentage of market with market leader holding 7% of the market share. With demanding of tablets, capsules, orals, bulk drugs, drug intermediates and pharmaceutical formulations, Indian pharmaceutical sector meets over 70% of the countries demands. In India there is 5 central public units, 250 large units and nearly 8000 small scale sector units. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has low costs of production, low RD costs, innovation of scientific manpower, strength of laboratories and increasing balance of trade. The pharmaceutical company is going on the international market with its rich scientific talent and research capabilities. The domestic pharma industry: The domestic pharma industry has recently achieved some historic milestones through a leadership position and global assessment. Many Indian companies maintained amazing standards and stability, environmental production and supply of bulk drugs to some innovate companies. More of Indian companies are now seeking regulatory approvals in USA in specialized segments. Increasing number of Indian pharmaceutical companies have been getting international regulatory approvals for their plants. Indian companies are now seeking more abbreviated new drug approvals in USA in specialized segments. Growth of Indian market: In the year of 2009 Indian pharmacy was assessed $7,743m which increments of 4% than 2007u.Business observers decided that India has made good percentage than other international companies. It is also appearing as a preferred location for pharmaceutical companies. India is the world fourth largest producer of pharmaceuticals in volume. And it increases the productivity indirectly. Indian pharmaceutical industry reached us$10.88 billion and it is likely to becomes double in volume that is us$20.95 billion in 2014. Globalization of Indian pharmaceutical industry: In the early of 1990s the Indian government has opened its market to foreign investments and started the globalization. Indian pharmacy sector globalization took place with the other countries entered into this sector. Globalization has increased the world in recent years due to rapid progress especially in communications and transport. The various advantages of globalization is it brought huge amount of foreign currency into industry and turn to boost up India. With many foreign companies entering in Indian pharmacy sector, it increase the jobs availability in India. The benefits of Indian pharmaceutical globalization is, many of the foreign international companies entering into India and brought with a highly equipment technology and it improves the medicines quality and that were available to the people. Many Indian pharmaceutical companies took over international companies to grow up and for more profits. There are some disadvantages also appearing in globalization of Indian pharmacy that there may be increase the competition between foreign pharmaceutical companies and domestic companies. This will result that the profits may decrease and companies may shut-down. And one more disadvantage is many of the foreign pharmacy companies are taking over the domestic companies which happened already. This may led to fear that foreign companies will take over the Indian pharmacy companies. And many of employees lost their jobs by the company integrations. Advantage in India: India posses a skillful work force with high technical and as well as managerial competence. The track record of development and cost-schedule synthesis for various drug molecules are excellent. Legal framework is also good in India, financial market is also good. It has a good network of world most educational institutes. The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. after many years international pharmaceutical industry has discovered many opportunities in India. Future of pharmaceutical sector: The future of pharmaceutical sector in India is extremely good and positive. Several Indian companies are acquiring US Europe companies and several more are raising funds to do so. India has began recognizing global patents. In future Indian pharmacy going to be an unbeatable position in Pharmacy. It is one of the fastest growing sector in India. Market for pharmaceuticals in India has strong potential for increased growth. Generic drugs produced in India being accepted worldwide. Global pharmaceutical companies dealing a long term relationships with India. View of pharmaceutical sector: As in the present scenario only few people can afford costly medicines which has improved price sensitivity in the market. That is the reason most of the companies introducing the high quality medicines with low price drugs for giving the competition to other industries. With product patent act which takes place in January 2005, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is attracted the MNCs to India. At present most of the Indian companies are looking forward to tie up with foreign industries for in-licensed drugs. Contract research and pharmaceutical outsourcing are the new events in Indian pharmacy market. Indian multinational companies have created awareness about Indian market in world pharmacy industries. Legislative Framework Pertaining To Manufacture and Sale of Drugs in India In the early 1990s, the drug industry in India was negligible and used to import drugs from other countries. Later the Indian government understood the situation and decided to introduce laws related to drug manufacturing and distribution. Gradually it ensured that industry is growing faster and introduced many other laws that govern the industry. At present in India the following acts and rules are present to control the manufacture, import, export and clinical research of medicines and cosmetics in India. The drugs and cosmetics act, 1940 The pharmacy act, 1948 The drugs and magic remedies act, 1954 The narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985 The medical and toilet preparations act, 1956 The drugs order, 1995 Academic Literature in on Requirements Analysis for Small Business Systems Pertaining to Pharmacy Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. They are: Electronic transfer of prescriptions Hospital e-prescribing Information governance The electronic prescriptions between prescribers and pharmacists improve the efficiency and quality of service. It allows various fragments of pharmacy related systems get connected seamlessly. The hospital e-prescribing programmed is used to support chain of activities like prescription, administration and supply of medicines. Information sharing is also possible among health related systems in the world. Known Issues that Affect Pharmaceutical Business There is an improving pressure on Pharmaceutical and bio-technology companies to use information technology in order to achieve their business goals. Areas in Health Care industry such as drug development, molecular research, formulary acceptance, detailing, contract sales, whole sailing has been affected by the rapid growth of IT industry The competition in the industry is comparing to be the best or second in the fray. Every area of pharmacy industry is affected by the influence of science and technology and organizations are compelled to take the help of IT at least to remain in the industry There are some issues related to laws of Indian government. The industry must stick to the acts/rules imposed by government. Such rules may be changing from time to time. Answer to many of these issues is in the ability of companies pertaining to pharmaceutical utilizing the full power of Information Technology to leverage its profitability. The information related challenges can be overcome by using Information Technology in bio technology and pharmacy. More about Pharmaceutical Industry in India The government of India has been very supportive for drug Industry in the country. The government has been giving many benefits to the pharmaceutical companies in India. They are given land for establishing company and also tax benefits related to business. The Indian government not only encouraging the companies in India, it also helped many foreign investors muster their funds and invest in India in the industry of pharmaceuticals. In the process of improvement this industry has faced many challenges too. The problems like lack of funding for beginners, difficulty in getting funds from government. The biochemical industry is uncertain. Another important problem faced by Indian pharmaceutical companies in the early stages for long time was that â€Å"lack of skilled human resources†. Of course this is there in all industries to some extent. Indian companies overcame such problems and now having a very good share in the world pharmaceutical business. Functional Requirements of Proposed System for Padma Agencies Maintenance of customer details. Stock maintenance. Billing. Order details. Keeping track of drug licenses. Predicting the future demands of the retailers based on the seasons. Ordering of goods through phone and home delivery is possible. Online ordering of goods. Customized report generation. The functional requirements are classified into the following modules Stock Maintenance Ordering Billing Stock Maintenance Module This module is responsible for complete stock maintenance. It takes care of complete inventory of medicines and related products. It can generate reports as per the stock status. As things are sold the changes in the physical store is reflected in this inventory. Ordering Module In this module all the work related to ordering of goods is done. Placing orders by predicting the behavior of the retailers and the customers. It takes care of orders sent by its retail customers. It is also responsible to generate reports related to orders received from its customers and order made to pharmacy manufacturers. Billing Module When the system is started, it should authenticate user before providing its functionalities The output bill should appear as containing the shop name, address, phone number and drug license no. It contains which system i.e. (system 1, system 2,etc), billing staff id, name, bill no(transaction number), time, date, receipt type (original, duplicate, refund, void item, void transaction, etc), quantity, product name price per single and total price quantity, and the end grand total for all products , if vat is applicable then vat summary. Salesman is the person who involves in bill preparation, report generation for the current stocks maintained and tracking the drug licenses of the retailers. It is responsible for billing activities for the licensed customers. It does mean that the retail businesses that contain a valid drug license are allowed to buy pharmacy products from this store. System Requirements Thorough understanding of the system in terms of technologies required warrants that the following are the software and hardware requirements to build this system. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Operating System : Windows XP/2000/2003/Vista Technology : Core Java, JDBC, Swings (JDK 1.5/1.6) Database Server : Oracle 9i/10G HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor : Pentium based systems with a minimum of P4 RAM : 256MB (minimum) Research Methodology Case 1: Standard labeling rules when dispensing medicines. Interfacing with a standard accounting package. Providing links to manufacturers web pages about specific products. Drug wholesalers websites to get some ideas? Standard Labeling Rules When Dispensing Medicines: A system for automated dispensing of a packaged pharmaceutical comprising good medicine labeling standards is vital to ensure the safe use of medicines. The intention of this study is to evaluate and compare compliance towards labeling standard for dispensed medications between community pharmacists and general practitioners. The medicines for human use Regulations 1994 specify the requirements for the labeling of relevant medical products which are supplied to patients. Dispensed medicines would normally require being added number of details at the time of supply. But much of the information about medicines will be available on the label of hospital manufacturing unit. The regulations has amended to allow for a reduced dispensing label requirement to cover the patient name, date of dispensing , dose or volume , direction to use and cautionary steps to follow. The medical product has to be prepared or dispensed in accordance with the prescription by the given practitioner. The assembled product is for retail supply or circumstances corresponding to retail supply. The assembled product must be sold from that pharmacy or at any other registered pharmacy forming part of the same retail pharmacy business. The assembled product cannot be advertised. The over label must not obscure the printed text of a licensed pack in any way. The label has to apply to the blank area designated on the original pack for the dispensing label. In cases where an original pack does not have provision for a dispensing label, the over label should be firmly attached to the pack in a manner that is easily readable and does not obscure the licensed text nor interfere with the safe and effective use of the medicine. Original packs over labeled in accordance with these principles may be supplied direct to hospital pharmacies, health centers etc without the necessity for formal variation of the Marketing Authorization by the Marketing Authorization holder. Breaking bulk (manufacturers original pack) will require a variation to the respective Marketing Authorization. It would be normally good practice to add the date of the supply; it can be form as a following diagram. The dispensed container should me labeled with the following information Practice name, address and 24 hour telephone number(s). hould specify the intended users. Client name, patient name and client address also. Purpose of the drug prescription, Drug name and Strength. Number if tables or volume in case of liquid. Date dispensed. Direction for use like dose, frequency and method taking the drug. Relevant information and warnings, and the process of preventing the danger if the drug has taken accidentally. Labeling of investigational medicines This paragraph is about the standard labeling for the investigational products which are used in clinical trials. The trail has to be conducted within the Member states conducted by study. The planning of trail doesnt require any particular manufacturing. The normal dispensing label would be of the form as shown below In addition to this quantity of dose (number of tables/capsules) is also to be added. It can also include Name of sponsor, means name research organization /investigator. Trail reference code specifying the identification of the trail site. It would contain the information on the product, dosage, storage conditions, and batch number etc. Interfacing With a Standard Accounting Package The pharmaceutical wholesaler â€Å"Padma Agencies† can have its account part integrated with some standard accounting packages already available in the market instead of reinventing the wheel again. At present its mode of payment is as shown below. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Instead of making all the modules in the pharmaceutical application, the application can be integrated with a standard account package. All the functionalities provided by accounting packages can be reused if we can seamlessly integrate our application with that. This is possible provided standard interfaces given by the accounting packages vendors that support integration with the applications developed in other languages. This integrates accounting, accounts receivable, and inventory management systems, which allows the distributor headquarters to operate with minimal staffing. Each step of the process is self-contained and modular allowing rapid and flexible geographic expansion. Web Links to Drug Manufactures From the application we can provide the web links to different manufacturing companies across the world. So if some specific product is not available from local market that should be purchased from the manufacturing company. For that if required product has selected and makes a request than the manufacturing company web site will be explored. Pharmaceutical involves manufacturing of drugs and equipments in healthcare. Development of drugs is a costly process in pharmaceutical. And the drug producing companies should have commercial license for research and development according to the rules and regulations of the drug license standard body. And distribution and marketing is also a vital role. The pharmaceutical market of India has achieved a tremendous growth in technology and infrastructure. The sites can introduce you about the pharmaceutical industry. And site will provide the information about the latest innovations and developments and future scopes of the pharmaceutical industry. And the different aspects of the pharmaceutical industry have been explored. Moreover it provides history information about pharmaceutical industry along with its future scope. In addition to manufacturer information it is also provide that the product information, complete description of the product, its usage, storage conditions, ingredients ration, and whom should use under which circumstances. The pharmaceutical wholesalers are having a vital role in supply of medications. For ethical pharmaceuticals wholesaler provides a link between pharmaceutical manufactures and retail outlet pharmacies, dispensing doctors and hospitals and promoting the new innovative medications. The responsibilities of the Pharmaceutical wholesaler Pharmaceutical wholesalers provide distribution and stock holding functions. And for customers the products should be provided according to their daily requirements. So that avoiding customers having large stock. Retails pharmacists and dispensing doctors have to keep normal working medicine stock. The wholesalers have to efficiently supply on a daily basis or even within a shorter period after receiving the orders from their customers. Full line wholesalers can stock and sell a full range of pharmaceuticals. But Short line wholesalers should sell only fast moving products; they should not contain all the products stock. They can import these products from manufacturers or foreign wholesalers.